Merger and acquisition planning is the legal, tax, and risk-allocation process that determines how ownership transfers, liabilities are allocated, and tax exposure is managed throughout a transaction. Central to this analysis is transaction structure, most notably the choice between a share purchase and an asset acquisition, which governs the assumption of historical liabilities, statutory successor liability, and the treatment of purchased and excluded assets, cash, indebtedness, and working capital.
Effective structuring requires coordination between legal documentation, accounting treatment, and tax planning under the Income Tax Act. Decisions at this stage influence purchase price mechanics, availability of rollover elections, allocation of consideration, and post-closing tax exposure. Poorly structured transactions frequently result in misaligned working capital targets, inconsistent GAAP application, or unintended tax consequences that surface only after closing.
Our advisory role focuses on aligning commercial objectives with enforceable transaction mechanics. By integrating legal structuring with accounting definitions and tax planning at the outset, we help owner-managed businesses, private corporations, investors, and corporate groups complete acquisitions, divestitures, and exit transactions with clarity and reduced post-closing risk.
Transaction structure is the single most consequential decision in any merger or acquisition. We advise on whether a transaction should proceed as a share purchase or an asset acquisition, balancing liability exposure, tax efficiency, and commercial objectives. This includes defining purchased and excluded assets, assumed and excluded liabilities, and addressing statutory successor liability risks. Structuring decisions are aligned with working capital treatment, debt assumptions, and available tax planning under the Income Tax Act.
Purchase price mechanics are the most common source of post-closing disputes. We structure purchase price provisions that clearly define consideration, working capital targets, and adjustment methodologies. This includes drafting precise definitions of net working capital, cash, and indebtedness, and aligning accounting principles with GAAP consistency requirements. Where appropriate, escrows, holdbacks, earn-outs, and vendor take-back financing are used to manage valuation and execution risk.
Representations and warranties function as the core risk-allocation mechanism in private M&A transactions. We draft and negotiate seller representations addressing capitalization, title, financial statements, tax compliance, employment matters, material contracts, intellectual property, regulatory compliance, and environmental exposure. Particular emphasis is placed on controlling knowledge qualifiers, materiality thresholds, disclosure schedules, and bring-down standards at closing. Our approach ensures representations are enforceable and aligned with due diligence findings.
Indemnification provisions determine whether contractual protections result in actual financial recovery. We structure indemnity frameworks with differentiated survival periods, appropriate caps and baskets, and uncapped fraud carve-outs. Escrow arrangements are aligned with indemnity exposure and survival periods to preserve recovery. Third-party claim procedures and defense control provisions are drafted to prevent erosion of the buyer’s position post-closing.
Closing conditions provide the buyer’s primary protection if material issues arise between signing and completion. We negotiate buyer-protective conditions tied to the accuracy of representations, absence of material adverse effects, receipt of required consents, and execution of key agreements. We manage the closing process through a structured closing agenda, funds flow memoranda, and coordinated electronic closings to ensure an orderly and enforceable transaction completion.
Tax exposure is one of the most significant post-closing risks in private M&A transactions. We address pre-closing tax indemnities, allocation of purchase price in asset acquisitions, HST/GST obligations, withholding issues, and clearance requirements where applicable. Where appropriate, rollover planning and internal reorganizations are coordinated to achieve tax efficiency without compromising deal certainty.
Employment-related liabilities frequently arise after closing if not properly addressed. We advise on employee continuity, termination exposure, accrued compensation, benefits, and contractor classification risks. Employment indemnities are structured to allocate pre-closing liabilities appropriately, and new employment and restrictive covenant agreements are implemented at closing where required.
Our role extends beyond closing to address post-closing purchase price adjustments and indemnity claims. We structure working capital true-ups with defined timelines, objection rights, and independent accounting determinations. Governing law, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution provisions are drafted to ensure enforceability and efficient resolution if disputes arise.
Successful M&A transactions depend on execution discipline and enforceability after closing. Our approach treats the purchase agreement as a functional risk-allocation instrument, designed to withstand post-closing scrutiny arising from tax reassessments, working capital disputes, employment claims, or contractual enforcement.
We focus on the practical operation of representations and warranties, covenants, closing conditions, and indemnification frameworks, ensuring they translate diligence findings into recoverable protection. Particular emphasis is placed on survival periods, caps and baskets, fraud carve-outs, escrow alignment, and the interaction between contractual definitions of net working capital, indebtedness, and closing accounts.
By integrating legal drafting with accounting mechanics and closing processes, through structured closing agendas, funds-flow memoranda, and post-closing adjustment procedures, we reduce execution risk and improve certainty. This spear-and-shield methodology allows clients to advance strategic objectives while maintaining defensible positions long after the transaction has closed.
Our Experts
Partner, Senior Vice President Assurance & National Leader Public Companies
1-877-251-2922
Sumit.garg@sgaglobe.com
Partner, Senior Vice President Assurance & National Leader Public Companies
1-877-251-2922
Sumit.garg@sgaglobe.com
Partner, Senior Vice President Assurance & National Leader Public Companies
1-877-251-2922
Sumit.garg@sgaglobe.com
Partner, Senior Vice President Assurance & National Leader Public Companies
1-877-251-2922
Sumit.garg@sgaglobe.com
Why Choose SGA Wealth for Corporate Reorganizations?
Our services combine tax, legal, and estate planning solutions all in one place.
Our team includes lawyers with experience in real estate law, family law, tax law, and wills & estate law under Spear & Shield Law Professional Corporation.
Our team is a member of various law associations like the Canadian Bar Association, the Ontario Bar Association, the Law Society of Ontario, the Peel Law Association, and the Halton Law Association.
Our professionals bring many years of experience in real estate law and tax.
We attend workshops and seminars from bodies like the Canadian Bar Association, Ontario Bar Association, Peel Law Association, Halton Law Association, The Advocate Society, Toronto Lawyer Association, Law Society of Ontario, Estate Planning Council of Canada, and Mississauga to keep us updated.
Our professionals collaborate to provide comprehensive advice, eliminating the need for multiple experts.
We proudly partner with reputable industry associations and global tax networks, delivering best-in-class expertise with every consultation.